Bibliographical References and Footnotes
General Policy
4.1
Footnotes may contain explanation, amplification, or commentary in addition to short bibliographical citations whose full form is given in a list of all cited works, published at the end of the article. No in-text citations are to be used, except for references to primary ancient sources.
Format and Style
4.2
Works Cited. Articles end with a list of all works cited, in alphabetical order by last name of first author. Sample citations are provided in §§4.6-9 and 5.4 below. Authors are encouraged to consult in addition ChicagoMS15 §§16.90-120 and ColumbiaGOS §§2.1-16.
4.3
Footnotes. Footnotes may consist of discussion only, discussion and bibliographical citation, or bibliographical citation only. Bibliographical citations in footnotes should appear in chronological order and be drawn from the list of cited works appearing at the end of the article. These citations should consist of the author's last name, the year of publication, and relevant inclusive pages, sections, figures, plates, and so forth
4.3.1
Footnotes with bibliographical citations only. Footnotes containing no supplementary information should be formatted as follows:
SINGLE-VOLUME WORKS CITED
1 Harrison 1982, 40–53.
2 Blümel 1966, pl. 36b.
3 Jones 1937, 30 n. 23.
MULTIPLE-VOLUME WORKS CITED
1 Lane 1904, 1:71-2.
MULTIPLE WORKS CITED
1 Carlisle 1998, 265-87; see also Margreth 1993; Balzer 1996, 164-82.
2 Margreth 1993; Balzer 1996, 164-82; Lancaster 1998, 1999.
MULTIPLE REFERENCES TO THE SAME WORK OR AUTHOR
1 Lancaster 1998, 1999.
2 Fitzmyer 1983, 47-106; 1990, 306.
3 Hamilton 1997a, 1997b.
4 Geagan 1995a, 16-20, 42.
4.3.2
Footnotes with discussion and bibliographical citations. Footnotes containing secondary discussion in addition to source documentation should be formatted in the author-date style as follows:
1 Hallager (1996, 235) notes that the four "classic" nodule types had not yet appeared in MM II-III.
2 The inscription has been dated by Robert (1966, 108-18; cf. Roueché 1993, 163) to the first century C.E. on the basis of the script.
3 Smith (1990, 40-5) follows the same line of reasoning as Hall 1992, 43.
4.3.3
Supra and infra references. When it is necessary to have footnotes refer to other footnotes, use "supra" and "infra" (without italics) instead of "above" and "below":
31 Although no paintings have been reported in room X (supra n. 20), remains of wall paintings were found on the floor of neighboring room S (Tomabechi 1986, 54).
4.4
Abbreviations. Abbreviations of titles of periodicals and standard reference works are given in §7.2 below. Works not listed there should be written in full. Abbreviations of ancient authors and works should be those listed in OCD3 xxix-liv.
4.5
Page numbers. Abbreviations such as f. or ff. for "following page(s)" are to be avoided; inclusive page references, separated by an n-dash, must be cited.
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7–14
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100–4
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1004–7
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46–8
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201–16
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1396–430
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89–112
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523–29
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Inclusive Roman numerals should be given in full:
xxii-xxxviii
cvi-cix
Sample References
4.6
Sample references to books in list of works cited. The reference list entry is given first, followed by a sample footnote entry:
ONE AUTHOR
Dyson, S.L. 1985. The Creation of the Roman Frontier. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1 Dyson 1985, 86.
TWO OR MORE AUTHORS
Curtis, J., and A. Green. 1997. Excavations at Khirbet Khatuniyeh. London: British Museum Press.
1 Curtis and Green 1997, 104-5.
Hunter, J., C. Roberts, and A. Martin. 1997. Studies in Crime: An Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. New York: Routledge.
1 Hunter et al. 1997, 46-51.
EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR AS AUTHOR
Colonna, G., ed. 1996. L'altorilievo di Pyrgi: Dei ed eroi greci in Etruria. Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider.
1 Colonna 1996, fig. 18.
Krzyzaniak, L., K. Kroeper, and M. Kobusiewicz, eds. 1996. Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa. Studies in African Archaeology 5. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum.
1 Krzyzaniak et al. 1996, 37.
Sommerstein, A.H., ed. and trans. 1982. Clouds. Comedies of Aristophanes 3. Chicago: Bolchazy-Carducci.
1 Sommerstein 1982, 162 n. 52.
EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR WITH AUTHOR
Hakemi, A. 1997. Shahdad: Archaeological Excavations of a Bronze Age Center in Iran. Translated by S.M.S. Sajjadi. New Delhi: Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
1 Hakemi 1997, 453.
Droysen, J.G. 1996. Istoria tou Megalou Alexandrou. 3rd ed. 2 vols. Translated by R. Apostolides. Athens: Trapeza Pisteos.
1 Droysen 1996, table 5.
ORGANIZATION OR ASSOCIATION AS AUTHOR
École française de Rome. 1995. Les Grecs et l'Occident: Actes du colloque de la villa "Kérylos" (24-25 octobre 1991). CEFR 208. Rome: École française de Rome.
1 École française de Rome 1995, 142-51.
BOOK IN A SERIES (WITH SERIES IN AJA LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS)
Buitron-Oliver, D. 1996. The Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates at Kourion: Excavations in the Archaic Precinct. SIMA 109. Jonsered: Paul Åströms Förlag.
1 Buitron-Oliver 1996, 55-7.
BOOK IN A SERIES (WITH SERIES NOT IN AJA LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS)
Knauß, F.S. 1997. Der lineare Inselstil: Eine kykladische Keramikwerkstatt am Übergang von der spätgeometrischen zur archaischen Zeit. Saarbrücker Studien zur Archäologie und alten Geschichte 13. Saarbrücken: Saarbrücker Druckerie und Verlag.
1 Knauß 1997, 98-116.
BOOK IN MORE THAN ONE EDITION
Feder, K.L. 1996. Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology. 2nd ed. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield.
1 Feder 1996, xii-xiii.
Pedley, J.G. 1997. Greek Art and Archaeology. Rev. ed. New York: Abrams.
1 Pedley 1997, fig. 4.
BOOK IN MORE THAN ONE VOLUME (CITING THE WORK AS A WHOLE)
Kiderlen, M. 1995. Megale Oikia: Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung aufwendiger griechischer Stadthausarchitektur: Von der Früharchaik bis ins 3. Jhr. v. Chr. 2 vols. Hürth: Martin Lange.
1 Kiderlen 1995, 1:247.
BOOK IN MORE THAN ONE VOLUME (CITING A PARTICULAR VOLUME)
Caminos, R.A. 1998. Semna-Kumma. Vol. 2, The Temple of Kumma. London: Egypt Exploration Society.
1 Caminos 1998, 100-17.
ONE VOLUME IN TWO OR MORE BOOKS
Fraser, P.M. 1960. Samothrace. Vol. 2, pt. 1, The Inscriptions on Stone. Bollingen Series 60.2.1. New York: Pantheon.
1 Fraser 1960, 131-35.
BOOK IN PREPARATION FOR PUBLICATION
Patton, K.C. Forthcoming. Religion of the Gods: Ritual, Paradox, and Divine Reflexivity. New York: Oxford University Press.
1 Patton (forthcoming), 148.
REPRINT EDITION
Myres, J.L. 1974. Reprint. Handbook of the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from Cyprus. New York: Arno. Original edition, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1914.
1 Myers 1974, no. 43.
4.7
Sample references to parts of books in list of works cited.
CHAPTERS OR OTHER TITLED PARTS OF A BOOK
Snodgrass, A. 1990. "Survey Archaeology and the Rural Landscape of the Greek City." In The Greek City from Homer to Alexander, edited by O. Murray and S. Price, 113-36. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press.
1 Snodgrass 1990, 113-9.
Hägg, R. 1998. "Osteology and Greek Sacrificial Practice." In Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Archaeological Evidence, edited by R. Hägg, 49-56. SkrAth 8º, 15. Stockholm: Paul Åströms Förlag.
1 Hägg 1998, fig. 1.
CHAPTER ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE
Markle, M.M. 1999. "La sarisse macédonienne, la lance et l'équipement connexe." In La guerre en Grèce à l'époque classique, edited by P. Brulé and J. Oulhen, 149-72. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes. Originally published in AJA 81 (1977) 323-39.
1 Markle 1999, 162-5.
Mendels, D. 1998. "The Polemical Character of Manetho's Aegyptiaca." In Identity, Religion, and Historiography: Studies in Hellenistic History, 139-57. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Suppl. 24. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic. Originally published in H. Verdin, G. Schepens, and E. De Keyser, eds., Purposes of History: Studies in Greek Historiography from the 4th to the 2nd Centuries B.C. (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1990).
1 Mendels 1998, 144-50.
PREFACE, FOREWORD, INTRODUCTION, AND SIMILAR PARTS OF A BOOK
de Montebello, P. 1988. Foreword to Bronze and Iron: Ancient Near Eastern Artifacts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, by O.W. Muscarella, 7. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1 de Montebello 1988, 7.
Vermeule, E. 1972. Introduction to The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology, by M.P. Nilsson, vii-xiii. Sather Classical Lectures 8. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1 Vermeule 1972, vii-xiii.
4.8
Sample references to journal articles.
JOURNAL ARTICLE (WITH JOURNAL IN LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS)
Büsing, H. 1982. "Metrologische Beiträge." JdI 97:1-45.
1 Büsing 1982, 27-9.
JOURNAL ARTICLE (WITH JOURNAL NOT IN LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS)
Goren, Y., and I. Segal. 1995. "On Early Myths and Formative Technologies: A Study of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Sculptures and Modeled Skulls from Jericho." Israel Journal of Chemistry 35:155-65.
1 Goren and Segal 1995, 161.
JOURNAL WITH NO VOLUME NUMBER
Pichard, M.P. 1992. "La composition architecture des temples de Pagan." CRAI:357-74.
1 Pichard 1992, 372-73.
BOOK REVIEWS
Smith, C. 1999. Review of Il Comizio di Roma dalle origini all'età di Augusto, by P. Carafa. AJA 103(3):571-73.
1 Smith 1999, 571-72.
Wainwright, G. 1999. Review of The Archaeological Process: An Introduction, by I. Hodder. Antiquity 73:717-19.
1 Wainwright 1999, 718-19.
4.9
Sample references to unpublished materials.
THESES AND DISSERTATIONS
Hoff, M.C. 1988. "The Roman Agora at Athens." Ph.D. diss., Boston University.
1 Hoff 1988, 109-11.
PAPERS READ AT MEETINGS
Schluntz, E.L. 1999. "From Palace to Bouleuterion at Petra: Continuity of Function in Civic Administrative Space after Roman Annexation." Paper read at the 1999 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion and the Society of Biblical Literature, 20-23 November, Boston.
1 Schluntz 1999.
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